Phenotypic and genotypic resources for the USDA quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i>) genebank accessions

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a nutritious grain, with balanced composition of amino acids, and facultative halophyte. Under greenhouse conditions, we assessed 148 quinoa accessions from the USDA genebank for grain weight, phenological, morphological characteristics. For all traits, analysis variance revealed significant difference among accessions. The matured as late 146 days after planting produced weight up to 19.6 g/plant. Days maturity showed negative correlation per plant, whereas number branches was positively correlated plant. By adopting NsiI/BfaI combination enhance genotyping-by-sequencing technique, were able generate 59,248 filtered single nucleotide polymorphism markers by mapping reference genome. Molecular an average heterozygosity 11.76% across range 4.9%–21.9%. first two principal component analyses (PCAs) explained nearly 50% molecular markers. genetic diversity using PCA presence four main groups. Groups A B consisted mainly Bolivian Peruvian relatively slower taller plant stature. In contrast, groups C D registered USA Chile faster shorter together have shown far more private polymorphisms than in groups, indicating higher levels within these similarities individuals Marker-trait association flowering. We only analyzed linkage disequilibrium on scaffolds that harbor marker-trait associations. LD expressed r2 persisted high 0.2 ranges greater 600 kb scaffold 1992 but dropped quickly 1843. These phenotypic genotypic resources will serve cataloging conservation germplasm and, selection core collection improvement address food security.